第四單元
外星人
課文A
????這僅僅是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤,一個(gè)愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤,那種人人都可能犯的錯(cuò)誤。只是從今往后再也不會(huì)有太空客前來訪問地球了。再也不會(huì)了。
水鄉(xiāng)
伊薩克·阿西莫夫
????我們不會(huì)再有太空游客前來了。外星人將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)登陸地球——至少是再也不會(huì)了。
????我這不是悲觀。事實(shí)上,外星人登陸過地球。這個(gè)我知道。在宇宙的千百萬顆星球當(dāng)中穿梭往來的太空飛船可能有許多,可它們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)再來我們這兒了。這我也知道。而這一切都是由于一個(gè)荒唐的錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致的。???
????且聽我解釋。???
????這實(shí)際上是巴特·卡默倫的錯(cuò),所以你得對(duì)巴特·卡默倫這人有所了解。他是愛達(dá)荷州特溫加爾奇的治安官,我是他的副手。巴特·卡默倫是個(gè)脾氣暴躁的人,到了他不得不整理個(gè)人應(yīng)繳多少所得稅時(shí)更是容易光火。你想,他除了當(dāng)治安官,還經(jīng)營著一家雜貨鋪,并擁有一家牧羊場的股份,同時(shí)還享有殘疾退伍軍人(膝蓋受過傷)津貼,以及其他某些類似的津貼。這樣一來他的個(gè)人所得稅計(jì)算起來自然就變得復(fù)雜。
????要是他讓稅務(wù)人員幫他填表就不至于那么糟糕,可他非得要自己填,于是填得他牢騷滿滿腹。每年到了4月14日,他就變得難以接近。???
????那個(gè)飛碟在1956年4月14日這一天登陸真是大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)。
我是看著它降落的。當(dāng)時(shí)我的椅子背靠著治安官辦公室的墻,我正望著窗外的星星,琢磨著是不是該下班去睡覺,還是繼續(xù)聽卡默倫罵個(gè)不停,他正在第127次核對(duì)他在稅單上填寫的一欄欄數(shù)字。
????一開始像是顆流星,可接著那道光越變?cè)綄?,成了兩股像是火箭噴出氣流之類的東西,而那玩藝兒一點(diǎn)沒出聲就著落了。
????兩個(gè)人走了出來。
????我說不出話,也做不了事。喘不了氣,也沒法用手示意,甚至眼睛都沒法瞪大。我就那么呆坐著。
????卡默倫?他壓根兒就沒抬起過頭。
????有敲門聲。門開了,飛碟上的那兩個(gè)人走了進(jìn)來。要不是我看著飛碟降落,我還會(huì)以為他們就是鎮(zhèn)上的人。兩人身著灰套裝、白襯衣,戴著深紅棕色的領(lǐng)帶。他們穿著黑皮鞋,戴著黑帽子,膚色黑黑的,卷曲的頭發(fā)黑黑的,眼睛呈棕色。兩人神情嚴(yán)肅,身高都在5英尺10英寸左右,看上去非常相像。
????天哪,我害怕極了。
????可卡默倫只是在門開的那會(huì)兒略一抬頭,皺了皺眉頭。“有什么事嗎,伙計(jì)?”他邊說邊用手拍著稅單,顯然正忙著呢。
????那兩人中的一個(gè)走上前說道:“我們對(duì)你的人已經(jīng)觀察很久了?!彼f話時(shí)小心翼翼、一字一頓的。
????卡默倫說:“我的人?我只有老婆一個(gè)人。她干什么來著?”
????穿西裝的那人說:“我們選擇此地作為第一接觸點(diǎn),因?yàn)檫@里偏僻安靜。我們知道您是這里的首領(lǐng)?!?/span>
????“如果你指的是治安官,本人就是,有什么話就直說,你們遇到什么麻煩了?”
????“我們非常謹(jǐn)慎,沿用了你們的衣著式樣,甚至采用了你們的外貌。我們還學(xué)習(xí)了你們的語言?!?/span>
????你可以看到卡默倫臉上開始現(xiàn)出領(lǐng)悟的神情。他說:“你倆是外國人?”卡默倫不怎么喜歡外國人,退伍后就沒怎么見過外國人,不過總的來說他盡力做到為人公正。????.
????飛碟來人說:“外國人?正是如此。我們來自你們稱之為金星的水鄉(xiāng)?!?/span>
????卡默倫連眼也沒眨一下便說:“好吧。這里是美國。我們這兒不論種族、膚色、國籍,一律平等。我為你們效勞。你們有何貴干?”
????“我們希望您馬上與貴國,即你們所說的美國的要人聯(lián)系,前來此地商討加入我們偉大組織的事宜?!?/span>
????卡默倫的臉色漸漸漲紅。“我們加入稀仍啪組織。我們已經(jīng)是聯(lián)合國的成員了,天知道還有別的什么。我想是讓我把總統(tǒng)找來,呃?就現(xiàn)在?前來特溫加爾奇?發(fā)一封急件?”他看了看我,似乎想在我臉上看到一絲笑意,可此刻若有人從我身后把椅子抽開,我也不會(huì)摔倒在地。
飛碟來人說:“事不宜遲。”
“你們想不想要國會(huì)也來?還有最高法院?”
“要是有用的話,治安官?!?/span>
這下卡默倫真的氣壞了。他把稅單向桌上重重地一摔,叫道:“好啁,你們跟我添亂,我可沒時(shí)間跟你們這些自作聰明的人糾纏,尤其是外國人。要是你們不馬上從這里滾出去,我就以擾亂治安罪把你們關(guān)起來,永遠(yuǎn)不放你們出來?!?/span>
????“您是要我們離開?”金星人問。
????“馬上滾!滾出去,滾回你們老家去,別再回來。我不想見到你們,這兒誰都不想見到你們?!?/span>
????那兩人對(duì)望了一眼。
????一直作為發(fā)言人的那人于是說:“看得出您確實(shí)極其不愿受到打攪。我們從不愿將我們自己或我們組織的意見強(qiáng)加于無意接受者。我們尊重您的個(gè)人自由,馬上離開。我們將不再返回。我們會(huì)在你們地球周圍發(fā)布警告,不再會(huì)有人前來?!?/span>
????卡默倫說:“先生,夠了,別再胡說八道了,我數(shù)到3——”
????那兩人轉(zhuǎn)身離去,我當(dāng)然知道他們說的句句是實(shí)話。你知道,我一直在聽他們講話,卡默倫可沒有,他一心只想著他的稅單,而且我似乎知道了他們腦子里在想什么,你明白我的意思嗎?我知道地球周圍會(huì)豎起一道屏障,使他人無法進(jìn)入。
????他們走了之后,我才能又開口說話——已經(jīng)太遲了。我高聲叫起來:“天哪,卡默倫,他們是從太空來的。你為什么要趕他們走?”
????“從太空來的!”他兩眼瞪著我。
????我大喝一聲:“你看!”我到現(xiàn)在都不明白是怎么一回事,他比我重了25英磅,可我竟然扯著他的衣領(lǐng)把他拽到了窗前。
????他震驚之下都沒有反抗,等他回過神來似乎想要把我擊倒時(shí),正好看見窗外的情景,頓時(shí)氣都喘不出來了。
????他們正在進(jìn)入飛碟,就是那兩人,飛碟就在那兒,知道嗎,大大的,??圓圓的,亮晶晶的,挺有氣勢的。接著飛碟起飛了。它輕輕巧巧地上升,像根羽毛似的,一側(cè)發(fā)出一道桔紅色的光芒,那光越來越強(qiáng)烈,飛碟變得越來越小,最后重新變成一顆流星漸漸消失。
????我說:“治安官,你為什么要趕他們走?他們要見總統(tǒng)。這下他們?cè)僖膊粫?huì)回來了?!?/span>
????卡默倫詵“我當(dāng)他們是外國人。他們說的,要學(xué)我們的語言。而且他們說的話莫名其妙?!?/span>
????“哼,得了,還外國人呢?!?/span>
????“他們說自己是外國人,兩人看上去像是意大利人。我以為他們是意大利人?!?/span>
????“他們?cè)趺磿?huì)是意大利人呢?他們說他們是從金星來的。我聽見的?他們是這么說的。”
????“金星?!彼难劬Φ傻迷桨l(fā)圓了。
????“他們是這么說的。他們把它叫做水鄉(xiāng)什么的。要知道,金星上多的是水?!?/span>
????所以你瞧,這僅僅是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤,一個(gè)愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤,那種人人都可能犯的錯(cuò)誤。只是從今往后地球上再也不會(huì)有任何金星人來訪了??瑐愡@個(gè)笨蛋,還有他那該死的稅單!
????只聽他嘀咕道:“金星!他們說水鄉(xiāng)的時(shí)候,我還以為他們指的是威尼斯呢!
第四單元
外星人
課文B?
????其他行星上是否有生命存在?太陽周圍的那些行星上似乎沒有。但在其他星系呢?????它們是否擁有能維持生命的行星?本文試圖探索這種可能性。????·
繞其他恒星運(yùn)行的行星上有生命嗎?
????伊薩克·阿西莫夫
????除了地球,在太陽系或許沒有類似我們這樣的生命存在??墒?,環(huán)繞其他恒星運(yùn)行的星球上有生命嗎??
????在試圖回答這個(gè)問題之前,我們得問一下是否有行星環(huán)繞其他恒星運(yùn)行。五百多年前,庫薩的尼古拉斯想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為是有的。現(xiàn)代天文學(xué)家認(rèn)為他很可能是對(duì)的,因?yàn)槿绻覀兊奶栂凳怯勺詣?dòng)生成了行星的塵埃和氣體組成的云團(tuán)生成的,那么其他許多恒星,甚至可能幾乎所有恒星,也應(yīng)該如此。
????但這只是大膽的推理。如果能在太陽系以外真的發(fā)現(xiàn)一顆恒星有行星系統(tǒng),那這一推理就有根據(jù)多了。很遺憾,即使借助于當(dāng)今的先進(jìn)儀器,我們還是沒法看到任何行星環(huán)繞其他恒星運(yùn)行。哪怕環(huán)繞著距離我們最近的恒星運(yùn)行,這種行星也將會(huì)遠(yuǎn)在4.4光年以外,而且由于行星僅僅依靠恒星的反射而發(fā)光,因此它發(fā)出的光在如此遙遠(yuǎn)之處是不可能被看見的。不過,答案還是有的。貝塞爾發(fā)現(xiàn)天狼B星不是通過望遠(yuǎn)鏡看見的,而是由于其引力作用使得天狼A星呈波浪形運(yùn)行。會(huì)不會(huì)有一顆行星,或一組行星,對(duì)它們所環(huán)行的恒星產(chǎn)生同樣的作用呢????
????這在理論上是成立的,盡管其作用將是極其微小的;(1)探測太陽系外行星最有可能的機(jī)會(huì)是選擇一顆離我們相當(dāng)今的恒星,這樣我們就能非常精確地測量其運(yùn)行軌道的任何偏離。這顆恒星要小,這樣行星就能明顯地影響其運(yùn)行:而那顆行星一定要相當(dāng)之大,足以對(duì)其產(chǎn)生相當(dāng)?shù)挠绊憽?/span>
????荷蘭裔美國天文學(xué)家彼得·范德肯普為此觀測了附近的小恒星。他認(rèn)為自己觀測到了附近恒星運(yùn)行的細(xì)微的異常之處,如天鵝座61,拉蘭德21185,尤其是巴納德恒星。巴納德恒星不僅與地球距離相當(dāng)接近,而且比較小。彼得·范德肯普認(rèn)為,他在該恒星的運(yùn)行過程中發(fā)
??現(xiàn)有一顆與木星一樣大小的行星環(huán)繞其運(yùn)行。他發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣大小的行星與他所研究的其他恒星也有這種聯(lián)系。但他的研究超出了他的器材所能觀測的范圍,后來的天文學(xué)家認(rèn)定,他的研究結(jié)果并不可靠。
????在另一方面,近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)有一些明亮的恒星為塵埃帶所環(huán)繞。人們不禁要猜測,這些塵埃帶可能是小行星帶,而小行星帶存在之處,也應(yīng)該有較大的行星存在。然而,我們尚未能真正觀測到任何環(huán)繞其他恒星運(yùn)行的行星,只能推測它們是有可能存在的。
????然而,即使大多數(shù)恒星都有行星環(huán)繞運(yùn)行,這與行星上是否可能存在生命又有什么聯(lián)系呢?
????生命當(dāng)然不會(huì)在別的行星系的任何一個(gè)星球上存在,正如生命并不存在于我們的行星系中的任何一顆星球上一樣·。有生命存在的行星必須擁有適合生命存在的條件。
????首先,,這樣的行星要有相對(duì)固定的運(yùn)行軌道。(2)如果運(yùn)行軌道不定,很可能行星的溫度時(shí)而會(huì)直于水的沸點(diǎn),時(shí)而又會(huì)低于南極氣溫,那樣就不太有可能找到我們塹熟悉的生命。還有,這樣的行星必須具有相當(dāng)規(guī)模,足以保持住其大氣層以及大片水面,但又不能過于巨大,不然會(huì)積聚氫氣和氦氣。
??? (3)但是即使假定有一顆行星,它的大小正好,化學(xué)成分適宜,運(yùn)行軌道穩(wěn)定,與恒星的距離既不太遠(yuǎn)也不太近,氣溫始終保持在液態(tài)水溫的范圍之內(nèi)(正如地逑上極地以外地區(qū)的溫度一樣),那兒是否存在生命,在很大程度上仍盈取選于它所圍繞運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的是仕么搓的恒星。例如,遠(yuǎn)比太陽巨大的恒星不太可能擁有這類行星;在主星序中它們的生命過于短暫。在我們的地球上,即便像原始?xì)ゎ悇?dòng)物這樣的生物也直到生命在地球上出現(xiàn)了30億年后才剛剛進(jìn)化而成。如果這是正常的進(jìn)化速度,那么一顆環(huán)繞著像天狼星這樣的恒星運(yùn)行的行星頂多只能進(jìn)化到像細(xì)菌這樣的最簡單的生命體,因?yàn)橹恍?/span>5億年時(shí)間,天狼星就會(huì)成為一顆紅巨星將該行星毀滅。???
??再者,如果一顆恒星又小又暗,行星要獲得足夠的光和熟以維持我們所熟悉的生命,就必須與該恒星靠得相當(dāng)近。但距離過近,潮汐作用就會(huì)導(dǎo)致其一面朝向恒星,這樣該行星的一半球體會(huì)過于炎熱,另一半則太冷。
????換言之,我們需要大小接近于我們的太陽的恒星。
????可是,這類恒星還不能是相鄰的雙星中的一顆,也不能處于周圍恒星能量輻射活動(dòng)過于強(qiáng)烈的區(qū)域。我們不妨假定,300顆恒星中只有一顆有可能擁有適宜于類似地球生命的行星,300顆這類恒星中只有一顆星大小合適,有著適宜的化學(xué)構(gòu)成與溫度以真正維持生命。那仍可能意味著星際間散布著數(shù)百萬顆蘊(yùn)含生命的行星。
????可是,在這些行星當(dāng)中,出現(xiàn)具有智慧的生命,能夠發(fā)展類似于地球的科技文明的可能性又有多大?????,
????對(duì)這一問題沒有樂觀的回答。應(yīng)該記住,地球在形成了46億年之后方出現(xiàn)了能發(fā)展科技的生命體。
即使這一情形發(fā)生的可能性很小,星際間仍可能已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了成千上萬種科技文明,但這就引發(fā)了一個(gè)更難以回答的問題:·這些科技文明會(huì)持續(xù)多久?
????具有智慧的生命在學(xué)會(huì)大量處置能源之后,或許會(huì)把能源用于自毀目的。的確,人類在發(fā)展了先進(jìn)的科技之后,已經(jīng)開始將其用于毀滅性的戰(zhàn)爭,我們也正在運(yùn)用這些技術(shù)破壞自己的生存環(huán)境。如果這一情形具有典型性,那么宇宙之中既可能充滿了無數(shù)尚未發(fā)展科技文明的有生命的行星,同樣也可能有著許多業(yè)已擁有先進(jìn)科技、并已自我毀滅的其他行星。除了地球之外,有為數(shù)極少的行星可能也已經(jīng)發(fā)展了科技,·但還沒來得及將自身摧毀。
????大約在1950年,意大利裔美國物理學(xué)家恩里科·費(fèi)米問道’:它們?cè)诤畏?/span>?他的意思是,如果星際間充滿了科技文明,何以沒有外星人前來造訪?? ((4)我們不能把那些有關(guān)飛碟和古代太空人的荒誕傳說當(dāng)真,因?yàn)槟軐?duì)此加以證實(shí)的證據(jù)微乎其微。)
????也許外星人尚未現(xiàn)身是由于星際間距離太遙遠(yuǎn),或是他們?cè)?jīng)造訪并決定任.由人類自行發(fā)展,或是由于種種其他原因未能前來。我們不能僅僅因?yàn)橥庑侨藳]有在我們這里出現(xiàn),便斷言他處并無外星人。
Unit 4 Was Einstein a Space Alien?
Text A
Content Questions?(P.99)
1.????????He worked as a “Technical Expert, Third Class”. He needed the job to support his young family.
2.??????He published five of the most important papers in the history of science. This is because they proved that atoms and molecules existed, laid the foundation for quantum mechanics, describe the theory of special relativity, and advanced the famous equation: E=mc2
3.??????He developed the Theory of Universal Gravitation then.
4.??????Because his ideas were far ahead of other scientists of his time.
5.??????He meant that like other scientists Einstein was a man of his time. If he hadn’t been born, his 1905 papers would eventually have been written in some form by others.
6.??????What was remarkable about 1905 is that year a single person authored five of the most improtant papers in science. Einstein proposed in 1905 that light is particulate and for this he won the Nobel Prize in 1921.
7.??????Because if you did so you would find yourself disagreeing with phisicist James Clerk Maxwell, an Authority Figure who had proved that light was an electomagnetic wave.
8.??????He was not at all concerned about authority. He hated being told what was true.
9.??????Science was dinner-table conversation in the Einstein household when he was young. His interest in science came naturally.
10.??He credited his discoveries to imagination and endless questioning more so that otthodox intelligence.
11.??He struggled to produce a unified field theory, combinging gravity with other forces of nature, but he failed.
12.??He found Einstein’s brain looked much like any other.
Text Organization?(P.100)
1.? (P.100)
?
Parts | Paragraphs | Main Ideas |
Part One | Paras. 1-3 | A young husband and ? father, Albert Einstein had to work hard to support his family. |
Part Two | Paras. 4-12 | Einstein made ? astonishing achievements in physics and thus revolutionized the field. |
Part Three | Paras. 13-21 | Einstein’s discoveries ? were attributable to his imagination, questioning, disregard for authority, ? powers of concentration, and interest in science. |
Part Four | Paras. 22-23 | Einstein was not space ? alien. |
2.? (P.100)
1). He felt all the pressure and responsibility of any young husband and father.
2). Galison: If Einstein hadn’t been born, his 1905 papers would have been written in some form by others.
3). Other physicists like Max Planck, more senior and experienced than Einstein, were closing in on the answer, but he got there first.
4). Einstein himself credited his discoveries to imagination and questioning more so than orthodox intelligence.
5). He failed in producing a unified field theory.
6). His brain looked much like any other.
?
?
Language Sense Enhancement (P.101)
I.? ?1)?? concentration? ??????????????2) lie down
3)? balance??? ???????????????4) engross himself in
5)??? stimulated??????????????? ?6) more so?????????????????????????
7)?? curious????????????????????8) assessment
9)?? credited??????????????? ??? 10) intelligence
?
Language Focus (P.103)
Vocabulary
1.? (P. 104)
1) accordingly???????? 2) loose
3) concentration?????? 4) stimulating
5) fabric????????????? 6) if anything
7) reality????????????? 8) intuition
9) trifle???? ??????????10) at the turn of the century
11) mess?????????????? 12) undermine
?
?
1.????????(P. 105)
1) approve of????????????????????????????????????? 2) slow down
3) take in?????? ??????????????????4) sucked into ?????????????????????????????????????
5) set … apart???????????????????? 6) dozed off
7) call forth?????????????????????????????????????????? 8) stretch into
9) keep up with????????????????? 10) believe
?
3. (P. 105—106)
1) The beautiful Malvern Hillshave?provided inspiration for many artistis and musicians over the decades.
? 2) Much of his success?is credited to his power of imagination.
? 3) The industrial revolution was firmly built?on the foundations of an agricultural revolution.
? 4) Alexander was determined not to?make any complaints in the presence of the nurse.
? 5) September 1939 saw?the outbreak of the Second World War.
?
4. (P. 106)
1) At school Einstein thought about questions which his teachers did not ask. They considered his constant doubting and questioning as a character?flaw, so much so that they?came to the conclusion?that he?would get nowhere?in life.
2)??????? For the third night?in a row, I was awakened by the shrieking of car alarms at midnight. Without a decent night’s sleep, I?dozed off?while I was at work in the daytime. Consequently I made?a mess of?my job.
3)??????? Economists are examing two reports capturing the bleak economic picture. One shows that the?outbreak of?the world financial crisis?has undermined?consumer confidence, which is now down in its lowest levels since 1992. The other shows that unemployment rate has risen by 10%, which?has strained?many families’ finances.
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II.?Collocation (P. 106-105)
1.????????With Christmas only a week away
2.??????With his physical condition improving day by day
3.??????With our GDP growing steadily
4.??????With all the shops closed
5.??????with her eyes closed
6.??????With the fog lifting during the night
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III.?Usage (P. 107-108)
?
1. like/as | 2. as | 3. like | 4. like/as |
5. as/ like | 6. as | 7. like | 8. as |
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze?(P. 108-109)
?
(A) | |||||||||
1. caution | 2. | came to the conclusion | |||||||
3. never get anywhere | 4. | undermining | |||||||
5. not give/care a fig | 6. | flaw | |||||||
7. beyond any doubt | 8. | foundation | |||||||
9. remarkable/ ? impressive | 10. | imagination | |||||||
(B) | |||||||||
1. extent | 2. | inventions | |||||||
3. bet | 4. | manages | |||||||
5. vision | 6. | eventually | |||||||
7. achievement | 8. | poverty | |||||||
9. utilized | 10. | Breakthrough ? | |||||||
?
II. Translation?(P. 109-110)
1. (P. 109)
1.????????The volunteers sent by the Red Cross disinfected , with great?caution, the drinking water in the village so as to avoid an?outbreak?of plague
2.??????Einstein spent many years trying to?unify?the theories of electromagnetism and gravity but failed.
3.??????Professor Wang received / won the Presidential Award fro his excellence in?stimulating?students’ creative?imagination.
4.??????As there were some major design?flaws, the board of directors didn’t?approve of?the economic stimulus package.
5.??????Having realized that nobody could help him, Jordanfinally?came to the conclusion?that he had to face?reality?and meet the challenge by himself.
2. (P. 110)
What was?remarkable?about 2005 was perhaps that the United Nations declared it “The World Year of Physics”. It was the 100th?anniversary?of Einstein’s theory of relativity and the 50th?anniversary of his death. In 1905 Einstein published five highly important essays in the history of science, thus revolutionizing physics. His great achievement can be?credited?to his?impressive?powers of?imagination, constant questioning, and?not giving a fig for authority. It is?beyond doubt?that Einstein was the greatest scientist in the 20th?century.